RELEVANCE OF SYSTEM THEORY TO POLITICAL ANALYSIS: AN EXAMINATION OF INEC’S ELECTION DAY MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA

Abstract

This study examines the relevance of Systems Theory to political analysis, using the Independent National Electoral Commission’s (INEC) Election Day management in Nigeria as a focal point. The study argues that political institutions, like all systems, comprise interdependent components that must function cohesively to achieve stability, coordination, and legitimacy. INEC’s Election Day operations including logistics, voter accreditation, and communication flow, security coordination, and result transmission represent subsystems whose interactions determine the overall success of electoral processes. Through a qualitative analysis of secondary data, reports, and institutional frameworks, the study explores how feedback mechanisms, input-output processes, and systemic adaptation influence INEC’s performance during general elections. Findings reveal that system breakdowns, such as logistical inefficiencies and weak coordination among electoral stakeholders, often result in electoral tensions, voter disenchantment, and legitimacy crises. The study concludes that applying Systems Theory to electoral management provides a comprehensive analytical framework for understanding the dynamics of political institutions in Nigeria. It recommends a more integrated approach to election administration that enhances institutional synergy, responsiveness, and systemic stability.